Basics of Computer Network syllabus

Communication Systems: Overview of data transmission systems, including key elements like sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Networks: Concept of interconnected devices for data exchange, categorized by scale (e.g., LAN, MAN, WAN) and structure. Topologies: Physical and logical arrangements of network nodes, such as star, ring, mesh, and hybrid. Protocols: Rules governing data exchange, ensuring reliable communication across networks. Network Architecture: Structured design using layered models for efficient data transfer. OSI Model: A seven-layer framework defining network functions, from physical to application layers. TCP/IP Suite: A practical set of protocols for internet communication, including IP, TCP, and application-layer protocols.

Signals: Characteristics of analog and digital waveforms used in data transmission. Digital-to- Digital: Encoding digital data into digital signals. Analog-to-Digital: Converting analog signals to digital (e.g., PCM). Digital-to-Analog: Modulating digital data onto analog signals. Analog-to- Analog: Transforming analog signals (e.g., AM, FM). Transmission Modes: Communication directions, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. Modulation: Methods to encode data onto carrier signals (e.g., amplitude, frequency, phase modulation). Multiplexing: Strategies like Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) to share a medium. Transmission Media: Wired: Cables such as twisted pair, coaxial, and optical fiber. Wireless: Radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. Switching Techniques: Circuit Switching: Dedicated path for communication. Packet Switching: Data divided into packets for transmission. Datagram Approach: Connectionless packet delivery. Virtual Circuit: Connection-oriented packet routing.

Basics of ALOHA protocols, Basics of CSMA/CD protocols, Ethernet LANS, Connecting LAN and back-bone networks- Repeaters, Hubs, Switches, Bridges, Router and Gateways Error Detection and Correction: Checksum, CRC, Data Link Control: Framing, Flow and Error Control, Noiseless Channels, Noisy channels, (Stop and Wait ARQ, Sliding Window Protocol, Go Back N, Selective Repeat) HDLC, Point-to-Point Protocol. Access Control: TDM, CSMA/CD, and Channelization (FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA).

Logical Addressing: Internet protocols: Address Mapping and Error Reporting; Delivery, Forwarding, and Routing. Network Layer: Logical Addressing, IPv4 Addresses, IPv6 Addresses, Virtual-Circuit Networks: Frame Relay and ATM, Transport Layer: Process-Process Delivery: UDP, TCP.

OSI/TCP-IP Layer Protocols: Overview of DNS, Overview of WWW, URL, Email architecture, HTTP protocol Application layers: DNS, SMTP, POP, FTP, HTTP, Remote Logging, Electronic Mail, and File Transfer, Basics of WiFi (Fundamental concepts only), Transport Layer: Process-to-Process Delivery: UDP, TCP, and SCTP; Congestion Control and Quality of Service. Emerging Networking Technologies: Wireless Connectivity: Technologies like Wi-Fi (802.11 standards) and Bluetooth for short- range communication. Mobile networks: Evolution from 4G to 5G, enabling high-speed, low- latency communication. Cloud Networking: Fundamentals of cloud-based network architectures. Concepts of virtualization, software-defined networking (SDN), and network function virtualization (NFV) for scalable services. Internet of Things (IoT): Basics of IoT network frameworks and protocols (e.g., MQTT, CoAP). Applications of IoT in smart devices, home automation, and industrial systems.