Electrical Measurements & Instrumentation syllabus

Measuring Instruments: Classification of instruments: absolute and secondary instruments. Types of secondary instruments: indicating, integrating, and recording. Essentials in indicating instruments: deflecting, controlling and damping systems. Construction, working principle, torque equation, advantages and disadvantages of Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) and Moving Iron (MI) instruments. Instrument Transformers: Construction, connection of CT & PT in the circuit, advantages and need of CT / PT for range extension of MI Instruments, effect of sudden open circuit on current transformer. Transformation ratio, Turns ratio, Nominal ratio, Burden.

Measurement of Resistance: Classification of resistances. Measurement of low resistance by Kelvin Double Bridge and Ammeter-voltmeter method. Measurement of medium resistance by Wheatstone bridge. Measurement of high resistance by loss of charge method and Megger. Measurement of Inductance and Capacitance: Sources and detectors for A.C. bridge, general equation for bridge balance, Maxwell’s Inductance Bridge, Maxwell’s Inductance – Capacitance Bridge, Schering Bridge. Numerical on DC and AC bridges.

Measurement of Power: Construction, working principle, torque equation, errors and their compensation, advantages and disadvantages of dynamometer type single phase wattmeter, poly-phase wattmeter, Active & reactive power measurement in a three-phase system for balanced and unbalanced load using one, two and three wattmeter method. Measurement of Energy: Block diagram and operation of single phase and three phase static/digital energy meter. TOD meter. Concept of Net metering. Necessity of Calibration, Calibration of wattmeter & energy meter. Numerical on Calibration of wattmeter & energy meter

Transducers: Introduction, classification, basic requirements for transducers selection, and its applications. Pressure Measurement: Introduction, Pressure measurement using electrical methods: resistive, inductive, capacitive. Pressure measurement by McLeod gauge and Pirani gauge. Level Measurement: Introduction and importance of level measurement. Methods of level measurement: resistive, inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic. Measurement of liquid level using float. Displacement Measurement: LVDT & RVDT: construction, working, specifications, advantages and disadvantages, applications. Sensors: Introduction to sensors, Temperature sensor, Hall effect sensor, Piezoelectric sensor

Advantages of digital meters over analog meters. Resolution & sensitivity of digital meters. Types of tools used in digital systems. Block diagram and operation of digital Voltmeter, Multimeter, Frequency meter, Power Quality Analyzer and Digital Storage Oscilloscope, Basics of Data Acquisition System (DAS).