Surveying syllabus

Introduction, definition, object of survey, primary division of surveying, classification of surveys, uses of surveys, principles of surveying, units of measurement (linear and angular measure), scale and R.F. Introduction to instruments required for measuring distance and marking of stations. Direct ranging. Survey stations, selection of stations, base line, check line, tie line and offsets. Booking field notes, field work: equipment, reconnaissance, and reference sketches. Introduction of modern instruments and techniques used in surveying such as drone surveying, laser scanners, space based position survey (SBPS) etc. Compass traversing: introduction, open traverse, closed traverse, the prismatic compass, methods of using prismatic compass, bearing of lines, meridians: true, magnetic, arbitrary and grid, designation of bearings: whole circle bearing (WCB) and quadrantal or reduced bearing (RB) system, concept of fore and back bearings, local attraction, dip of the needle, magnetic declination. Plane table surveying: introduction, list of accessories, orientation, setting up of plane table, methods of plane tabling: radiation, intersection, traversing and resection. Advantages and disadvantages of plane tabling. Introduction to DGPS equipment and its application.

Object and use of levelling, definitions of terms used in levelling, different types of levels: dumpy level, auto level, and digital level, laser level. Levelling staff. Temporary adjustment of level, types of levelling operations; simple levelling, differential levelling, fly levelling, longitudinal profile levelling, cross-sectional levelling, checks in levelling. Curvature and refraction correction. Reciprocal levelling. Methods of calculation of reduced level: the collimation system and rise and fall system. Permanent adjustment of level: two peg test only.

Study of 20” vernier transit theodolite, definitions of terms, fundamental lines (axes) of theodolite, conditions of adjustments, temporary adjustments of theodolite, measurement of horizontal angle by repetition and reiteration method. Measurement of vertical angle. Concept of direct angles, deflection angles. Setting out an angle, prolonging a line. Computation of latitude and departure. Balancing of traverse: omitted measurements.

Tachometry: introduction, instruments used in tacheometry, principle of tachometry, theory of stadia tacheometry, determination of tacheometric constants. Methods of tacheometry: fixed hair method- when line of sight is horizontal or inclined and staff is held vertically. Numerical. Contouring: definition of contours, uses of contour maps, characteristics of contours, methods of contouring, and interpolation of contours. Tachometric contour survey. Total station survey: introduction, parts of a total station, methods of observation: radiation method, resection method, Remote Distance Measurement (RDM), Remote Elevation Measurement (REM) Advancement in Total Station: Robotic Total station (RTS), Prism less or Laser based Total Station, Smart Stations, Applications of Total Station. Introduction to Drone Survey and its applications.

Introduction, different forms of curves. Definitions and explanation of different terms: degree of curve, relation between radius and degree of curve, super elevation, centrifugal ratio. Types of horizontal curves. Notations used with circular curves. Properties of a simple circular curve. Horizontal curve setting by- a) offsets from chord produced and b) Rankine’s method of deflection angles. Field procedure for setting out the curve (by deflection angle) by one and two theodolite methods. Compound curve- calculation of data and setting out in the field. Transition curves: objectives of providing transition curves, requirement of ideal transition curve. Notations used with combined curves. Vertical curves: definition, gradient, rate of change of grade, length of vertical curve, types of vertical curves.