Applied Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer syllabus

Definitions and Classifications of Engines: Conventional IC engines (SI, CI), hybrid engines, and alternative fuel engines (CNG, LPG, hydrogen engines). Basic Engine Components and Nomenclature: Advanced materials in engine components (lightweight alloys, ceramic coatings), and integration of sensors for real-time performance monitoring. Air-Standard Cycles: Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles, developments in cycle optimization for fuel efficiency. Fuel-Air Cycles and Their Analysis: Advanced fuel injection systems (direct injection, multi-point injection) and their impact on fuel efficiency. Actual Cycles and Their Deviations from Ideal Cycles: Analysis of real-world deviations due to friction, heat losses, and the role of new technologies (e.g., variable valve timing, turbocharging).

Combustion in Spark Ignition (SI) Engines: Advanced ignition technologies (e.g., spark plugless engines), lean burn combustion and their impact on emissions Combustion in Compression Ignition (CI) Engines: Low-temperature combustion (LTC) and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) for improved efficiency and reduced emissions. Ignition Systems and Flame Propagation: Developments in electronic control and piezoelectric ignition systems. Knocking Phenomena in SI and CI Engines: Advanced knock detection systems, impact of biofuels on knock resistance, and active combustion control technologies (e.g., real-time monitoring with sensors).

Cooling and Lubrication Systems: Innovations in thermal management (e.g., electric water pumps, advanced radiators), low-friction coatings, and integrated cooling technologies in hybrid engines Supercharging and Turbocharging Mechanisms: Electric turbocharging, hybrid turbochargers, and advancements in turbo-lag reduction technologies Scavenging in Two-Stroke Engines: New developments in two-stroke engine technology, including direct fuel injection and improved scavenging methods for higher power output and lower emissions Engine Performance Parameters: Real-time monitoring and diagnostics using IoT (Internet of Things), and predictive maintenance through data analytics Heat Balance and Energy Flow in Engines: Research on waste heat recovery technologies (e.g., thermoelectric generators, organic Rankine cycle) for improving overall efficiency Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Engines: Latest advancements in VCR technology and its role in improving engine efficiency across varying loads and driving conditions.

Introduction to Heat Transfer: Basic concepts and definitions, Modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation, Thermal conductivity and its measurement. Conduction Heat Transfer: Fourier's law of heat conduction, Steady-state conduction in one dimension, Conduction in cylindrical and spherical geometries, Transient heat conduction and lumped capacitance method, Numerical methods for solving conduction problems.

Convection Heat Transfer: Boundary layer theory, Forced convection in ducts and pipes, Natural convection and free convection, Empirical correlations for heat transfer coefficients, Heat transfer in turbulent flow Heat Exchangers: Types of heat exchangers, Log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method, Effectiveness-NTU method, Design considerations and fouling factors, Compact heat exchangers. Phase Change Heat Transfer: Boiling heat transfer, Condensation heat transfer, Heat transfer during phase change processes. Radiation Heat Transfer: Basic principles of thermal radiation, Emissivity and absorptivity, Blackbody radiation and Stefan-Boltzmann law, Shape factors and view factors, Radiation exchange between surfaces